Quarter-wave antenna: why 8 cm at 868 MHz
A homemade ground plane antenna for an 868 MHz LoRa gateway, modeled in NEC2: the element resonates at 8.14 cm, not at λ/4 = 8.63 cm. 36 Ω over a perfect ground, 24 Ω with flat radials, 51 Ω and an SWR of 1.02 with radials drooping 45°.